SECOND EXAM:

• What is the difference between corporate and commercial speech?
   
  
• Refresh your memory of the sources of law, developments of First Amendment law and the philosophical justifications for freedom of expression. You are expected to know this (and much more) from the media law course.
   
  
• Which notion has been used to justify First Amendment protection for corporate speech?
   
  
• Which First Amendment theory has been used to justify more protection for commercial speech?
   
  
• In 1978, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized what regarding corporations?
   
  
• Corporate speech can take what forms?
   
  
• Bellotti (1978): first case in which corporate speech was recognized
  • What did the Massachusetts statute prohibit?
     
    
  • What did the company want to publicize?
     
    
  • Which approach did the lower court take in deciding the case? What was the issue according to the lower court?
     
    
  • What was the U.S. Supreme Court's disagreement?
     
    
  • According to Justice Powell, why was the type of speech important? (Which First Amendment theory does it reflect? Which ethical theory does it reflect?)
  
   
  
• Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission
  • What were the facts of the case?
  • What rules did the U.S. Supreme Court apply to make which decision?
  
   
  
• Why can't the government force a corporation to disseminate messages with which it disagrees?
   
  
• Why is political activity by corporations limited?
   
  
• Why are political contributions from corporations to federal candidates prohibited?
   
  
• What distinction does the U.S. Supreme Court make between for-profit and nonprofit, ideological organizations regarding political donations?
   
  
• What are PACs? What limitations are set upon them?

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